In addition, the singer tried to change the style – it was techno-pop, in which all the melodies were sharpened.

Therefore, the elaboration and practical implementation of the basic principles of protection and restoration of mill buildings, which are of historical and cultural value, are still relevant today.

The direction of the restoration process is determined by the requirements of preserving the historically plausible architectural image of traditional buildings. But the original appearance of both water mills and windmills is now largely distorted by all sorts of layers and losses. Fragile materials such as wood and straw, widely used in the construction of mills, were quickly destroyed by insects and fungi. Therefore, there was a need from time to time to repair, replace elements that did not provide the strength of the structure. Thatched and shingled roofs were often renovated, the wings of windmills and water mill drives were repaired and replaced, the foundations had to be replaced, and sometimes even the main pillar of the windmill had to be strengthened or replaced.

It happened that the windmills, which were still operating, were dismantled and moved a considerable distance to another village. For example, windmills from the forests of Lisovy and Kudryavy were dismantled and moved before being transported to the Kyiv open-air museum, as evidenced by the marks on the elements of these buildings. Mill buildings were most destroyed when their practical use ceased.

So these buildings, together with the authentic elements that have survived and belong to the original period of construction, came to us with layers of later times; often their architectural form is distorted. Therefore, it is absolutely necessary to perform a certain set of monument protection measures to restore the original appearance of buildings and strengthen the authentic structural skeleton.

The primary task of the restoration process should be to ensure the preservation of the authentic material structure of the historic building, strengthening it through modern engineering measures, such as chemical conservation of wood, the use of various structural additives that limit the moisture of the building , and so on.

When individual parts of the mill are preserved, but have lost their durability and do not provide static strength of the structure as a whole (say, elements of the frame or frame), they are replaced. Replacement of elements very damaged by insects or fungi or significantly deformed is performed by traditional construction and technological methods according to the available samples of similar wood species, taking care to maximize compliance with the parameters.

At restoration of walls with an open felling removal and replacement of the damaged and unusable parts of elements, removal of the top damaged layer and gilding is quite possible. To make the replacements inconspicuous and organically incorporated into the structure, old wood of similar species is sometimes used. Thus, the walls of the windmill from the village of Lisovy (Museum of Folk Architecture and Life of Ukraine) were restored.

Certain complications arise when it is necessary to replace a damaged shaft or pillar of a mill structure, because it is necessary to partially or completely dismantle the building. In this case, as well as when moving the building, even before the restoration work should mark all its elements and make a drawing.

To restore the original appearance of the monument, it is necessary to restore the lost elements or even parts of the building. Columns of galleries, windmill wings, some other structural elements of the building can be of the same type. Therefore, one or more of these healed elements of a traditional object are used as samples to reproduce the lost. The use as analogues of elements and parts directly from the building under restoration, provides a high degree of probability of reproduction.

During the study of mill buildings it is sometimes possible to find partially preserved elements, fragmentary. However, they make it possible to determine the size of the destroyed parts, the nature of the material. that is, give certain information. Due to comparison and comparison with similar structures it is possible to reproduce the lost on the basis of partial conjecture. This is how the thatched roof of windmills from the village of Horodyshche (Museum of Folk Architecture and Life of Ukraine) was recreated. The revealed cuts and traces of fastening of laths on separate rafters, and also the account of traditional ways of arrangement of a thatched roof allowed to recreate a roof of this construction. The steps to the second floor are similarly reproduced in it.

It happens that among the many elements and even parts of the monument that need to be restored, many are completely lost. It is impossible to reproduce them, guided by the above principles. In this case, to reproduce them should be based on such a feature of folk architecture as a regional community of architectural and building traditions, ie to take into account the analogues. Thus, the lost parts of the grain grinding mechanism are reconstructed according to analogues.

Sometimes it seems justified to restore a traditional mill building by moving and installing in the building under restoration a mechanism from another similar structure, of course, if the latter for some good reason can not be saved.

Significant losses of authentic elements and parts of the monument are not excluded when the building is dismantled, which may be due to the need to move it and restoration requirements. Yes, during the dismantling of the building you have to remove the roof, roof, etc. Such losses should be recovered from the relevant new material, following the traditional construction and technological techniques typical of a particular historical and ethnographic region and a particular monument.

Therefore, to recreate the original appearance of the mill buildings, it is necessary to ensure the preservation of authentic elements, remove layers that distort the image of a traditional building, replace damaged elements and details of the building, restore lost and generally strengthen the material skeleton of the object. The implementation of these monument protection measures on traditional mills of Ukraine will contribute to their preservation as an essential component of the national architectural heritage.

List of references

1. Gorlenko VF, Boyko ID, Kumitsky OS Folk agricultural machinery of Ukrainians. – K., 1971. -S. 104.

2. Tsapepko M. On the plains of the Desna and the Seimas. – Moscow. 1970. – P.73.

3. Budzap AF Economic and industrial production // Boykivshchyna. – K., 1983. – P. 128-129; Goshko Yu.G. Industrial construction // Folk architecture of the Ukrainian Carpathians of the XV-XX centuries. – K., 19X7. – P. 179.

4. Taranushenko SA Windmills // Folk art and ethnography. – 1958. – No. 1. – P.80-82.

5. Taranushenko SA Mark. labor. -P.81.

6. Gorlenko VF, Boyko ID, Kumitsky OS Mark. labor. -S.104.

11/15/2010

Michael Jackson as an outstanding pop star

The abstract provides information about Michael Jackson, who was one of the brightest pop stars in the world and at the same time one of the most mysterious figures in the world music scene.

Jackson Michael Joseph was born on August 29, 1958 in Garoua, Indiana. He began at the age of four as a singer in the band JACKSON FIVE with his older brothers. Their father Joe was a good blues guitarist, and the Jackson brothers owe their musical talent to him.

In 1962, JACKSON FIVE performed, and not without success, in local clubs. Young Michael was considered the leader of the group in the 60’s.

Despite the obvious influence of James Brown, Jackson even at the earliest stage tried to go his own way. He immediately attracted the attention of his own vocal style and invented by him the dance movements, which became an integral part of his performances.

In late 1968, JACKSON FIVE signed a contract with the famous company Motown Records, which recorded her early hits I Want You Back and I’ll Be There.

Of course, the songs were about love, and although Michael was too young to have experience in a romantic relationship, he performed his songs with great feeling, each time rising professionally to a higher step.

In 1970, at Motown, Michael first recorded as a soloist the ballad Got To Be There, which topped the charts not only in the United States but also in Europe.

In 1979, Michael Jackson’s first soul album Off The Wall was released, in which the singer proved to be a mature master. This album once again became the champion of the American charts, one of its singles was recognized as worthy of the Grammy 123helpme.me Award.

In 1982, Michael released an album based on S. Spielberg’s fantasy film „ET Alien.“ And although the album was withdrawn from sale due to some legal violations, but Jackson for this film was worthy of a second Grammy Award.

The singer’s second album Thriller („Thriller“), released in 1982, broke all existing records for the number of copies sold and still holds it.

By the end of the 1990s, the album had a circulation of 46 million copies (for comparison, the first album Off The Wall – 11 million copies). Michael himself earned $ 53 million on Thriller. This album included plenty of hits, each of which was supported by a music video, which undoubtedly expanded the boundaries of the genre.

Video clips, which demonstrated his remarkable skill not only as a singer but also as a dancer. Songs from this album The Girl Is Mine and Say, Say, Say, performed with Paul McCartney, became the brightest hits, and Thriller himself won seven Grammy Awards.

In 1983, Michael Jackson was sponsored by Pepsi-Cola; thanks in large part to this, in 1984, a record number of tickets were sold for concerts featuring the popular singer in the history of pop music.

In 1985, Michael released his „African“ single We Are The World, which immediately became an international hit.

He then acquires for $ 47.5 million ATV Music company, owned by John Lennon and Paul McCartney, thus breaking up with his former partner.

Finally, he is accepted as an autobiographical book, work on which is terminated due to the recording of the album Bad in 1987. Seven of his singles are in the top ten songs.

In 1992, his next album Dangerous was released, which Jackson’s fans were looking forward to, and their favorite did not deceive them. This album was the longest in time – 76 minutes. In addition, the singer tried to change the style – it was techno-pop, in which all the melodies were sharpened.

In 1994, Michael Jackson married Elvis Presley’s daughter Lisa Maria, but the marriage broke up in 1996. This fact was almost lustfully discussed in the press.